The Boxer Head

The vision of the ideal Boxer head dates back to 1896, when the proposed standard by the Deutscher Boxer Club (Munich) was made official. Around 1905, what is now known as the Munich silhouette became a guideline for perfection.

Looking at head types from the early 1920s shows the long road of selective breeding that led to the correct proportions represented by the Munich silhouette.

In my opinion, the first way to assess the correctness of the Boxer head is through expression. The proper proportions and features required by the standard all contribute to the resulting “intelligent and alert” expression.

A unique feature of the Boxer head is the square muzzle. The length from the tip of the nose to the stop must be half the length of the skull when measured from the stop to the occiput, and when viewed from the front, it should be ⅔ of the skull’s width. Three parameters are essential for the proper muzzle: the formation of the jawbones, the placement of teeth, and the texture of the lips.

In selective breeding, the length of the underjaw does not align with the shortening or elongation of the upper jaw. This is why undershot bites appear in breeds with short heads, like the Pekingese and Bulldog, and overshot bites in breeds with long, narrow heads. As a brachycephalic (short-headed) breed, the Boxer will have an undershot bite. However, the muzzle should not be so short that it exaggerates the projection of the underjaw, nor so long that the upper lips cover the underjaw nor should it be too long as to have the
upper lips cover the underjaw when seen on a profile.

The correct muzzle will have the upper and lower lips meet evenly.

For this to occur, the proper undershot bite relies on lower canines placed directly in front of the upper corner incisors on both sides. Additionally, it requires a wide and straight line of lower incisors situated between the lower canines. Common deviations include narrow underjaws, curved or misaligned lower incisors, and wry bites, where one side is more undershot than the other or appears crooked from the front. The only way to properly evaluate the Boxer bite is by examining it not only from the front but also from both sides—a practice few judges perform in the ring today.

In a correctly structured headpiece, with adequate proportions and balance, a skin fold will extend from the inner corner of the eye to the corner of the lips on both sides. When the dog is alert, natural wrinkles will form on the forehead and in front of the ears.

The Boxer’s eye placement is rather (though not entirely) frontal. Selective breeding can alter head length, which in turn affects eye placement. Thus, breeds with very short heads, such as the Brussels Griffon or Pekingese, tend to have eyes positioned in the frontal plane, while dogs with longer heads have eyes set more laterally. Eye placement, skull width, and the amount of loose skin all influence eye shape. Longer heads typically yield almond or triangular eye shapes, while shorter heads tend to produce circular shapes with a fuller eye.

The Boxer’s eye, however, is neither almond-shaped nor circular. Despite being a well-known “head breed,” the Boxer is the only breed in the Working Group whose standard does not describe eye shape—it merely states what it should not be. The Australian Boxer authority, Judy Horton, on her website worldwideboxer.com. Tere, Horton suggests that the Boxer eye is shaped like a lemon.

I like that definition and believe the American Boxer Club should adopt it in the standard rather than omitting any mention of eye shape.

Boxers should have dark brown eyes; lighter shades create a bird-of-prey expression, which is undesirable for this breed. Ideally, the third eyelids should have a pigmented outer band, although they may be unpigmented on one or both sides due to white markings on the face or other factors.

The standard allows for both cropped and uncropped ears. Cropped ears should stand erect when the dog is alert, enhancing the dog’s lines. Natural ears should lie against the cheeks with a well-defined crease at the base.

White markings on the face are acceptable, typically replacing part of the black mask on the muzzle and possibly extending onto the skull between the eyes. Although the standard lacks an exact definition for “mismarks” regarding head markings, the eyes should be surrounded by the black mask, with no white markings extending that far. I wish the standard would specify this, as it’s common practice not to show dogs with such patterns—it’s an “unwritten” disqualification. In my view, this should be listed as a mismark and disqualification. Sometimes, white markings cover the corners of the lips and the sides of the face. While the standard does not address this, common sense would suggest that as long as the expression is unaffected, such markings are likely acceptable.

Unfortunately, there is a growing trend to artificially enhance the black mask of show dogs, covering “undesired”

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1. Please tell us a little bit about yourself. Where do you live? How many years in dogs? How many years as a breeder? What is your kennel name?
2. What is your “process” for selecting show puppies? Performance puppies?
3. In your opinion, is your breed in good condition overall? Any trends that warrant concern?
4. As a Preservation Breeder, can you share your thoughts on the sport today? How’s the judging these days? What do you think about the number of shows?
5. In your opinion, is social media good for the sport? Is it harmful?
6. What are the biggest challenges facing the dog show community as a whole today and how can these be addressed?
7. What are some of the positive changes you’ve seen in the sport over the past decade?

Bonnie Wagaman

1. CinniBon Boxers (Greg and Bonnie Wagaman) have enjoyed being preservation/professional breeders since 2009 after purchasing two lovely foundation bitches. We retired to Alabama to be closer to our children/grandchildren. We love life here.

2. Our selection process? That is a little complicated, but a short description would be: watching the pups develop on a daily basis. As they are socialized and old enough to start looking at structure and temperament, we carefully start determining which have a balance of structure, temperament, and movement. Generally, by 6-8 weeks, there are pups that clearly standout. Those will be our show puppies. Although we don’t do Performance, we have had numerous puppies in Performance homes. Our rearing and evaluations are similar, as Performance puppies require the same basic qualities.

3. Our breed’s overall condition? This is always a sticky question. I do believe we still have breed type and breeders who stay consistent to the breed, but it is getting harder to find those quality dogs/programs. There are trends that have many of us concerned. I will probably get raked over the coals and have people believe health testing is unimportant to me, but that is far from the truth. Health testing that is an accurate picture of the dogs’ health is of upmost importance, but the trend for breeding to markers is on the rise and I see it in stud service inquiries and puppy announcements lacking breed type but boasting of great markers. It is certainly having an effect on breed quality/type. Some of the areas of concern are shoulders too far forward, creating a swag in the topline when they move out, and longer backs/loin.

4. Sadly, I see a decline in showing today. Many shows, including our National, used to have large entries, but in most cases, those numbers have declined. I think that this goes hand in hand with the decline in breeders and litters. Afterall, Conformation is all about breed stock qualities.

How’s the judging? Again, I feel a decline in some areas. I go to shows and see many of the same judges. I know our breeder-judges list is getting shorter. We have lost several over the last few years, with fewer joining the ranks of judges. Guess that’s my que to apply for a judging permit.

I don’t mind the number of shows. For those of us with busy schedules it is nice to be able to find a show that fits our schedule, and probably relatively close to home.

5. Social media is a double-edged sword, for sure. On one hand, it gives us the ability to see dogs we might not otherwise be aware of. It is also a great source for all kinds of information from breeding/whelping to training/showing. It gives breeders an online presence without the time-consuming process of maintaining a website. But at the same time, it gives others a platform that doesn’t necessarily have the breed’s interest at heart. As for it being harmful, I think that question is up to the individual and how they use the information.

6. Positive changes are education and resources. This goes hand in hand with question No. 5. With social media, we have access to more information and training. People taking the time to help others in the sport. Education is part of the foundation of the sport and I love the various webinars, etc., on just about any topic.

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Boxer: A “Head Breed”

Very few standards are so richly descriptive of the headpiece as the Boxer standard is. The details and harmony between the head parts in this breed create a hallmark of uniqueness which at the same time poses as a challenge to many to properly understand and evaluate it.

A most distinctive feature is the Boxer’s square muzzle. It is broad, blunt and in balance with the skull. Such balance is achieved when the length (the muzzle is half the length of the skull, from stop to occiput when viewed on a profile), width (about ²⁄₃ the width of the skull) and depth are properly developed forming a squarish look. For that to happen, it’s necessary to have thick, well-padded lips; well-developed jawbones and a proper undershot bite.

A most distinctive feature is the Boxer’s square muzzle. It is broad, blunt and in balance with the skull.

The undershot bite is wide with the lower incisors set in a straight line and with lower canines aligned with the incisors making it as wide as possible. The back part of the lower canines sit snuggly in front of the upper corner incisors on both sides—this defines how undershot a Boxer bite should be. In order to properly evaluate the bite, it should be viewed not only from the front but also from both sides so one can get the full picture. Very seldom this is seen being done in the show ring so it should come as no surprise that many Boxers have been rewarded in spite of wry bites and too undershot bites.

In order to properly evaluate the bite, it should be viewed not only from the front but also from both sides so one can get the full picture.

The underjaw should turn upwards thus creating a well-defined chin. This combined with a muzzle of proper length allows for the lips to meet evenly in the front of the muzzle. Neither an overlip (upper lip covering the lower lip) nor an excessively developed chin (too undershot/muzzle too short) is correct for this breed.

The eye is a very important feature as it is crucial to create the proper expression. The current standard, in my view, is both omissive and inaccurate when addressing the Boxer eye. Firstly, it’s omissive in addressing the eye shape—it merely says what the eye should not be “not too small, too protruding or too deep set”. Secondly, it calls for the eye to be “frontally placed” and that is not accurate for this breed. A frontal placement is found in the Pekingese and the Pug—these breeds are extremely brachiocephalic causing the eyes to be truly frontal and leveled with a rather flat face. Boxers, however brachiocephalic too, are not as extreme as the breeds aforementioned. Therefore, the eye placement tends to be frontal, but it is not completely so. The width and length of the head determines eye placement—there is a spectrum of variation on brachiocephalic heads, the more extreme the head the more frontal the eye placement.

As far as eye shape goes, there seems to be a lack of proper, commonly accepted term to describe the Boxer eye. Judy Horton (www.worldwideboxer.com) and other authors have suggested the term “lemon shape”. I find that to be the best description as of yet. Longer headed dogs mostly will have elongated, almond shaped eyes and shorter headed dogs tend to have circular eyes. Boxers sit somewhere in the middle. Boxer eyes are fuller than the almond shape and tend towards the circular yet the outer and especially the inner corners are still well defined.

Until a better term is coined, lemon-shaped remains by far the most accurate. I find it troublesome that the standard for this breed does not describe the eye shape accurately, and it’s a “head breed” nonetheless.

Because it is a brachiocephalic breed and with a certain amount of wrinkling on the head, Boxers often show a tendency for droopy, looser lower eyelids (ectropion). That is neither correct, nor is it healthy.

Boxers must have dark brown eyes regardless of coat colors. Some years ago the standard used to refer to light-eyed dogs as having a bird of prey expression. As standards were changed to adapt to AKC’s guidelines many detailed descriptions of faults became deleted but the relevance of dark eyes and its impact on expression cannot be forgotten.

Wrinkling on the head is required from the lower edge of the stop extending to the sides of the muzzle and will also appear on the forehead when the dog is alert. Excessive wrinkling will detract from the desirable intelligent expression and lack of the above-mentioned wrinkles will ruin the expression completely and usually are associated with long and weak muzzles.

Wrinkling on the head is required from the lower edge of the stop extending to the sides of the muzzle and will also appear on the forehead when the dog is alert.

Ears are set on high and may be cropped or left natural. Both are equally acceptable. When cropped, they should stand erect when the dog is alert and the natural ears should lie close to the head. The new trend of natural ears seems to be coming on strong in this country. Ear crop is man-made and it does not change the breeding value of the dog. However, in order to stand the cartilage should be thin and crisp whereas natural ears, in order to lie properly, should be a bit thicker and softer. This presents a challenge to breeders who must be able to recognize cartilage quality early on in order to properly decide which get cropped ears and which should not.

Boxers must have a black mask. The mask may be partially covered by white markings on the face. In essence, the black mask is an extension of the pigment of the eyelids, lips and nose; therefore, it will gradually fade and blend into the background color. White markings on the head typically occur on the muzzle top and sides and a blaze between the eyes. Also, the chin may be partially white. White markings may sometimes extend over the forehead connecting with the white collar and may extend on the sides of the face in such fashion as to go over the corner of the lip covering the flew.

These markings are referred to by some as “mismarks” but in reality no such description is found in the standard. The standard only states that the white markings should not detract from the intelligent expression. That leaves plenty of room for interpretation. Whether any given pattern of white markings is perceived as more or less attractive, there is no room for artificially changing it by using hair dyes. That is a practice that sadly is seen far too often lately in the show ring.

The Boxer skull is slightly arched and the cheeks are rather flat. Dome-shaped skulls and cheekiness are not desirable for the breed and often come along with excessive wrinkling.

However rich in details, Boxer heads are not so difficult to judge. Getting familiar with the correct expression is likely the best path to understand it as significant deviations in its conformation will always impact proper expression.

In conclusion, Boxers are a head breed and what that means is that a correct head is a necessity for this breed as it implies quality and helps define breed type. However, Boxers are still working dogs and as such, they also need solid conformation, sound gait and proper temperament. So what should we be more forgiving of in this breed? Nothing, I say. We should just expect more from them.

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Interview With Owner Handler Tina Beardsley

How were you first introduced to the sport of purebred dogs? To your breed?

My husband had said that if we were getting a dog, he’d like a Boxer. Doing my research, I knew I would need to find a health-tested Boxer, as they can have many health issues. After following a couple local breeders/handlers, people around the local shows, I decided that showing was something I might be interested in doing. My husband said I needed a hobby, to get me out of the house, so here I am, 11 years later.

How many years in dogs? In your breed?

Tina Beardsley: I have always been a pet dog owner, mixed breeds, mostly the herding varieties. I have been in the Boxer breed for 11 years now.

Do you attend show handling classes? Have you attended in-person handling seminars?

Tina Beardsley: I had attended drop-in classes with the Des Moines Kennel Club, off and on, my first year of learning to handle. But I found, working closely with my breeder(s) who also breeder/owner/handlers, that I was able to pick up the breed-specific nuances of showing the Boxer. I have also been lucky; other Boxer handlers have asked me to step in on a class dog for Winners, so I have had opportunities to work with multiple dogs with their personalities and quirks.

Have you found virtual learning tools to be helpful? Videos? Websites? Social Media? AKC Canine College?

Tina Beardsley: I have watched live feeds from around the country, and reviewed videos that others have taken of my efforts and tried to hone in on things that needed more polish. I haven’t had the opportunity to do much else; full-time job, raising my kids, and showing my dogs!

Do you compete in the National Owner-Handled Series? Are rankings important to you?

Tina Beardsley: YES, on both counts. When it was first made available, I was very new to showing. And while I didn’t truly try to campaign a dog at that time, it was something that I wanted to do in the future. Now I have a Boxer, GCH FarMore’s Justifiable BCAT, we call him “HB,” who I am actively working on and we’ve traveled a bit more with his co-owner/breeder, pushing to maintain/improve our standings. This year, I set my goals to get invited to the National Championship in Florida.

In which class(es) are you most likely to enter your dog(s)?

Tina Beardsley: I have a bitch that I show in Open Brindle, but in reality, the best class to be in, to be considered competitive, is the Best of Breed class.

Who have been your mentor(s) as an Owner Handler?

Tina Beardsley: Fellow competitors and breeders are who have influenced and mentored me; Cheryl Cates (Encore Boxers) and Amber Gates (FarMore Boxers). Honestly, I learn so much from watching all of the other professional handlers, and yes, even the other owner handlers in my breed.

I have always been a pet dog owner, mixed breeds, mostly the herding varieties. I have been in the Boxer breed for 11 years now.

What are the benefits of competing with your breed(s) as an Owner Handler?

Tina Beardsley: It has taught me that in a handler-dominated breed like the Boxer, owner handlers—with good dogs—can be VERY competitive. Yes, we have been defeated by dogs that I didn’t feel should have beaten us, but it just makes me work that much harder, not only in my handling but in my understanding of the Breed Standard.

How are you encouraging new exhibitors to participate in the sport?

Tina Beardsley: I probably need to do better at this. When asked at shows, I try to be open and welcoming, explaining about the breed and the sport—and the owner handler.

Are there any suggestions you’d like to pass along about the presentation of your breed(s).

Tina Beardsley: Every time I walk in the ring, I want to win. But even when I don’t, I want to be sure to exhibit good sportsmanship to others. I always strive for more ring time, which makes us better as a team. Don’t give up. Take videos of yourself and your dog competing. Be open to ideas on how to do something differently. When someone is offering you suggestions, don’t put up excuses on why this or that…

Some things I have learned: The collar is for the dog; not MY preference but for the dog’s comfort and training level. Don’t use a chain collar just because everyone else in your breed does. Show leads don’t have to be expensive or flashy. I show on a plain black, thin English leather lead, like reins for a horse. This sport can be expensive if you “keep up with the Jones’.” Stay focused on your goals and move the goal post as you need to. Be open to trying something different, to get even more out of your dog.

It has taught me that in a handler-dominated breed like the Boxer, owner handlers—with good dogs—can be VERY competitive. Yes, we have been defeated by dogs that I didn’t feel should have beaten us, but it just makes me work that much harder, not only in my handling but in my understanding of the Breed Standard.

What are your goals as an Owner Handler? Is there a victory that has eluded you?

Tina Beardsley: I don’t have a particular victory that has eluded me. I hope to take my current OH dog, HB, to our National as a competitive Top 20 dog and compete there for the Best of Breed NOHS.

Is there a funny story that you can share about your experiences as a Breeder/Owner Handler?

Tina Beardsley: Two years ago, as an Owner Handler, I was asked to take a six-month-old puppy back in for Winners Dog. I had no expectations other than ensuring the puppy continued to have a good experience at his first set of shows. To my surprise, we got pulled out against a top professional breeder/handler to free-bait our dogs for the Winners ribbon. I tried for a minute or two to get the puppy to focus and stay stacked, but he was distracted and fidgety.

I looked over to my mentor/co-owner and she said, “Show him the bait!” I quietly mouthed, “I don’t have any!” So, she threw me a piece of bait, but at that point, the judge had given us every opportunity to “show” and she’d picked the other dog. So, we got Reserve to the major at a Specialty. This puppy grew into the dog I am showing today in NOHS. I learned a valuable lesson that day to never walk into the ring without bait—and backup bait!

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A Conversation with Paula Vandervoort

You’ve been a Boxer breeder for more than 50 years, and have recently added the Boston Terrier. How did you get your start in Boxers?

Paula Vandervoort: I got started right out of high school and going into university with a mixed-breed Boxer. She literally saved my life by attacking someone who was trying to hurt me physically. She gave her life in the process. It bonded me to this breed from the start. I went to the newspaper ads (we had no Internet) and found a litter of “purebred” Boxers available. I just happened to purchase a female from one of the top Boxer breeders in the country who became my mentor until her death. She introduced me to showing, performance, grooming, training, and hammered into me how important health screening is. “If a health issue is available to screen, do it!” she said. That has been my motto ever since.

Are you an AKC Breeder of Merit? An AKC Bred with H.E.A.R.T Breeder?

Paula Vandervoort: Although I wasn’t aware of the programs at first, I received an email from AKC when the Breeder of Merit program was launched because I had already qualified with my history of titled dogs, health screening protocols, active participation in AKC clubs, and 100 percent AKC registration of all litters. I am a member of both programs.

Can you tell us about some of your influences as both a breeder and exhibitor?

Paula Vandervoort: I am a small, self-supporting boutique breeder, but I’ve been around a long time and am very active in dog sports of all kinds. If the sport is available, I usually want to see if my dogs like it. So, people in the areas where I’ve lived (Arizona, California, and now, Texas) know me well. I hope that younger breeders see me now as an available mentor. I’ve been through a lot of judges’ training, and although I don’t want to judge full-time, I do understand my Breed Standards very well. Also, as owner of The Dog Breeder Store, I get the opportunity to work with younger breeders, many of whom are at the “backyard breeder” level.

I love to gently warm them up to the responsibilities of being an ethical breeder. I talk to a lot of young breeders who are intimidated by senior breeders, and that’s not necessary. If I see a newbie sitting ringside with the wrong equipment and clothes for Conformation showing, and a pet dog on the leash, I try to be that person who comes over and warmly welcomes them to the sport. I want them to be part of a loving tribe of people, and not start off with any criticisms. We all start somewhere, and it is the love of the dogs that binds us.

What are some of the areas in which you’ve focused your efforts as a breeder? As an exhibitor?

Paula Vandervoort: At first, I was so focused on understanding the Standard, the genetics of breeding well, and how to show dogs that I was thinking that all the health screening I was doing was supporting longevity in my program. Oh, how wrong I was. I observed that my breed was not living very long, and less so as time passed. I was rarely seeing vital dogs in their teens, and so many were dying of cancer, heart issues, chronic gastrointestinal disease, and general unthriftiness, all at young ages.

Lots of dogs with chronic allergies, skin problems, and ITCHING. Oh my, the itching was just crazy. I read a longevity study done by The Kennel Club (UK) that proved that my breed of Boxers was losing an average of 1.3 years of life in ten years. From 2004 to 2014, the average lifespan of a Boxer went from 11.3 years to just 10!

My efforts in recent decades have been focused on understanding the causes of these issues and how to fix them. I ended up going to school for many years to learn about longevity science, animal naturopathy, carnivore nutrition, and all kinds of alternative medicine techniques. You would be amazed at how much we can do to influence longevity if we understand the toxic effects of today’s common household items. But as breeders, we must think long-term. We must reduce coefficients of inbreeding, and we need to learn alternatives to feeding processed foods, using vaccines laden with heavy metals, chemical wormers, and toxic cleaners in our nurseries and kennels. It’s all out there if we want to learn how to do better.

I was invited to teach a workshop on epigenetics at The American Boxer Club in which I explained the effects of toxins on gene expression throughout the generations. I was so happy at the attendance, considering that I am not a big, well-known show breeder. The breeders in attendance were very engaged in learning how we can change gene expression (eventually, permanently) just by changing some of the things I’ve just mentioned. We can make a difference in future generations. And those workshops are up on my YouTube channel for anyone to see at The Dog Breeder Channel.

As a senior Boxer breeder, how do you view your role in the purebred dog community today?

Paula Vandervoort: I very much want to make a difference in longevity in these precious purebred dogs. I do get a lot of pushback from those who want to do things the old way, or feel judged because they are feeding kibble, for example. But I do all I can to gently educate without people feeling judged. We can’t all afford to feed an organic prey-model raw meat diet. I get that. But we can do better. For example, we can put a raw egg on top of a good quality kibble to get started. And once we see the positive changes in our dogs’ health, we may decide to do more in the realm of natural rearing.

You’ve co-founded the Natural Rearing Breeder Connection. What is the group’s mission?

Paula Vandervoort: I was originally the only credentialed Boxer breeder in an organization called “Natural Rearing Breeders Association,” founded by Dr. Jeannie Thomason VND. She ran one of several schools I attended after getting my Biology degree, American Council of Animal Naturopathy, and wrote the book Natural Rearing, which teaches breeders about this concept in practical ways. She passed in 2021, and, unfortunately, the organization died with her.

I only explain this because a couple of her students have revived the organization under the name “Natural Rearing Breeder Connection.” Krystal Beers is my co-founder, and she is a Small Animal Naturopath. Krystal is also a natural-rearing breeder of Havanese and English Shepherd farm dogs.

For our members and breeders, our mission is to provide the premier association for Natural Rearing Dog and Cat Breeders by providing support, education, information, and increased positive
community exposure.

We also want to provide a referral network to promote Natural Rearing breeders and the community of professionals dedicated to providing natural/holistic health alternative modalities for dogs and cats.

Our mission is to bring an awareness of the benefits of Natural Rearing and of holistic/natural health preventative programs promoting health and well-being for your animal companions. We are also committed to being a resource for Natural Rearing breeders of licensed, certified, and/or registered natural animal health practitioners geared toward caring for animals naturally.

Is natural rearing a “new” way of raising puppies? Is it compatible with modern practices?

Paula Vandervoort: “Natural rearing” is the oldest way of raising puppies and was commonplace prior to when kibble manufacturers and big pharma became so influential. Some think that because it is not “modern” it is outdated and should be ignored. They could not be more wrong.

Kibble feeding, modern, toxic cleaners, and many medicines are responsible for the chronic health issues and reduced longevity we now face. Chemical pesticides and insecticides are likely killing dogs. The companies that make them are being sued successfully for harming our beloved pets. Modern medicine has its place; for acute injuries, for example. But one needs to understand that Mother Nature offers a robust medicine chest as well. For every modern pharmaceutical, there is a corresponding medical-grade plant medicine such as an essential oil or herb. There is a corresponding homeopathic. We have medicines that affect an animal’s frequency in a positive way, and many breeders are unaware that frequency matters. A sick animal has a low frequency. They’re unaware that when used correctly, plant medicines and homeopathics can effect cures rather than mask symptoms.

I use both medical systems. I couldn’t breed successfully without my repro vet. But, I also have a holistic vet who handles everything that I can’t do myself. My repro vet understands that I don’t use Tramadol and Rimadyl, for example. She has seen it all in action. She’s watched me bring a dog around from anesthesia in 30 minutes with essential oils and homeopathics. The same dog previously took three days to recover without them. She also knows that I won’t use anything on my dogs that I haven’t tried on myself. I have personally been through surgeries with only the use of essential oils and homeopathics for pain control and infection prevention. So, I know they work.

Would you say rearing litters and raising dogs naturally is a “movement” whose time has come?

Paula Vandervoort: Absolutely. Our world is way too toxic now to ignore this way of doing things. We can’t afford to use chemicals that burn our eyes in our nurseries just because they kill 99.9% of “germs.” They also harm our babies. There are ways to clean naturally without harming the microbiome or the environment. We have all been brainwashed to think that things need to be sterile, but that is only important in surgery, not in a nursery or kennel—or inside a body either. Most people know that our gut houses our immune system. It has millions of participants; some are beneficial and some are pathogenic, but they are all important.

When we use synthetic antibiotics, we destroy the terrain of the gut microbiome. I’m not saying not to use them when in a life-threatening situation, but breeders who are giving antibiotics during pregnancy “just in case” are destroying the immune system of the bitch, who then passes that microbiome on to her babies. They are born with no microbiome, and what they inherit from mom needs to be robust. If it has some pathogens in it, they can be helpful as their immune systems learn how to deal with them in baby steps.

I hope that reading this will get more breeders and pet people interested in learning about natural rearing, as it may well be the only cure we have in an ever more toxic world. I have read a lot about extinction predictions in some purebreds, and I believe we may be headed in the wrong direction. If you read the study on Pottinger’s Cats anywhere on the Internet, you’ll have your eyes opened to how a population can go extinct simply by not using the right diet that they evolved to eat. It’s scary stuff, but I believe we have the tools in natural rearing to turn things around.

Do naturally reared puppies make for successful Conformation and Performance competitors?

Paula Vandervoort: We have many NR breeders who participate in Conformation and Performance successfully. We know that we have more vitality and longevity in our programs, so their careers are longer in these sports. We don’t tend to have decrepit seniors!

I recently was able to add Boston Terriers to my program by purchasing a multi-generational, naturally reared girl out of Dr. Jeannie Thomason’s 30-year program of naturally-reared show dogs. Her naturally reared dam is GCHG Widget’s Heaven Sent At Tre Run FDC BCAT RATM CZ8S CGC TKI, ROM, from Tre Run Boston Terriers. She won the Breed at the Boston Terrier National and at Westminster, ending up as No. 6 Breed and No. 5 All-Breed in the US.

Her sister, GCHB CH Tre Run N Widget’s Moonlit Star, is now GCHS, No. 13 Breed, No. 8 All-Breed, Multiple Group Winning, Multiple Group Placing, NOHS No. 1 Boston Terrier, NOHS No. 23 ALL BREEDS, and she qualified for the Chicago Challenge Cup this month. She has qualified for Crufts in 2024 & 2025. My girl is Farm Dog certified with her Canine Good Citizen and Trick Dog title, and is now working in Agility.

Some of our breeders are reporting up to double the normal lifespan in their respective breeds, and when you combine that with proper structure and temperament, you’ve got a force to be reckoned with in any show ring!

How can breeders learn more about NRBC and similar organizations? How can they contact you?

Paula Vandervoort: The Natural Rearing Breeder Connection is currently growing its ranks on Facebook, in a group by that same name. As we conduct this interview, Krystal Beers and I are working behind the scenes to launch the website; it is filled with education, and ways to list litters and natural rearing breeders. You can find the organization at www.nrbreeder.com, a platform for all breeders and pet people to obtain education and connect with one another.

I can be contacted at www.gentryboxers.com. I also own a mature on-line store that caters to dog breeders in general, but specializes in the needs of natural rearing breeders who raw-feed and/or want to do things a bit less on the toxic side. The website is www.thedogbreederstore.com. I am available for consultations and mentorships through the store platform.

I also run a private, free, educational group on Facebook for those on the natural-rearing journey called “Gentry Boxers Natural Rearing Group.”

My YouTube Channel is “The Dog Breeder Channel,” where I teach in short snippets about all aspects of breeding and natural rearing techniques.

About Paula Vandervoort

Paula Vandervoort is an AKC Breeder of Merit, a mentor to young breeders, and a member in good standing of the Houston Boxer Club, the American Boxer Club, the Natural Rearing Breeders Association, the Vital Animals Breeder Directory, Veterinary Medical Aromatherapy Association, and the Natural Rearing Breeders Directory. She is a published author, blogger, and social media teacher on a variety of natural supports for animals. She provides coaching services to breeders and pet owners, bringing all aspects of body, mind, and spirit into balance for optimum vitality and longevity. She has taught at numerous large events and is available for public speaking engagements. Ms. Vandervoort holds numerous certifications related to natural healing modalities and a Bachelor of Science in Animal Science.

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Interview with Stephanie Davidson, Breeder of South Willow Boxers

Where do I live? How many years in dogs? How many years as a breeder?

Stephanie Davidson: I’ve been living in the Phoenix, Arizona, area since March 2012. I moved from the Salt Lake City, Utah, area where I was born. I’ve been involved in dogs and the sport of showing them since I was very young. My mother would drag myself and my brothers to dog shows where she handled her Shih Tzus. Her kennel name was Sultan Shih Tzus. I still laugh at the photos I come across of me and my brother running around the showgrounds in our pajamas. Showing her dogs was a huge part of our life, and their maintenance was always a huge part of our daily routines. When I went to buy my first dog, I was determined to get a “real dog” (which is what I would tell everyone), as the smaller dogs like Shih Tzus were not for me.

The first dog I bought was a Rottweiler. Although the Rottweilers I had were great dogs, they were too powerful for my young kids and their friends. I can’t stress how much research I did to find a breed that was still a strong dog that could look intimidating to a stranger but was still great with my kids and my elderly grandmother. Everything I read pointed me towards a Boxer.

In 2003, I purchased my first Boxer, and in 2005, I attended my first dog show as a spectator with my Boxer. Although my mother told me many times to not get involved in showing, as she felt it was too political, I was sucked in by one of the best Boxer handlers of that time, Gary Steele. Although, after showing my first Boxer and I knew he was not “show quality,” I was hooked and loved the competition. From then on, I’ve strived to produce a better dog that is as close to the Breed Standard as possible. I’ve been breeding and showing Boxers since 2006.

What is my kennel name? How many dogs do I currently keep?

Stephanie Davidson: One of my favorite things to do while living in Utah was to ride my ATVs from my home to the South Willow Canyons of Grantsville. My dogs would run behind, following me, and we would spend hours in the mountains. To always remember how much fun I’d originally had with my Boxers, my husband at that time and I came up with South Willow Boxers as our kennel name. Back then, and still through today, I have seen and heard breeders keeping many dogs, which requires them being in crates or runs for much of their lives. Although this has always been a common way of housing dogs, I have always wanted my dogs to be part of my family and part of my daily activities.

Over the past 20 years, I’ve had as few as two Boxers and as many as 10 in my home. No, they have not all gotten along, but I’ve found ways to divide my home and yard so that I have groups. Each group is then alternated every few hours so that they all have run of a yard and home, and plenty of hours sharing time with me. It’s also very fun (being sarcastic) to then try to remember each night which group’s turn it is to sleep with me.

Ultimately, I prefer not to keep more than four dogs in my home. I feel the one-on-one attention, each traveling with me on outings and being part of a family’s normal routines, is huge for a well-balanced temperament. Of course, one cannot truly have a breeding program with so few dogs. What I do instead is, if I do not want to keep another dog in my home, I find a friend or someone I can work with. I give them the dog as their family member and we form a commitment where they get to take one of the best Boxers as their family member, but they work with me so that I can show and breed the dog. This doesn’t work for everyone, but I’ve been fortunate enough to find some wonderful families.

Which show dogs from the past have been my noteworthy winners?

Stephanie Davidson: Until recently, I’ve never wanted to push a dog beyond getting its championship. So, the majority of my dogs have not gone on to be top winners in the breed. However, that being said, I have only put two Boxers in the ring that haven’t achieved their championship and all others have achieved theirs within a short, reasonable time period. I have 35 Champions and/or Grand Champions to date, one Grand Dam of Merit, three Dams of Merit, and one Sire of Merit. I have produced two Top 20 contenders and a Breed National Specialty winner. Only last year did I decide to “campaign” a couple of my dogs; “Pohaku” (GCHG South Willow’s Drop It Like It’s Hot) and “Scarlett” (GCHB South Willow’s Putin’ On The Ritz).

Being that both were mostly shown by the same handler, they both took turns on when they could show. Not being able to show both of these dogs full-time, both still achieved Top 20 status, a Breed National Specialty win (the other won Select at the Breed National), a Westminster AOM, Select at the AKC National Championship, and multiple Bests in Show and Reserve Bests in Show.

However, for me, the most noteworthy wins have been those I’ve accomplished on my own, owner-handling my dogs. My boy “Bocephus” (GCHB Starlyn’-South Willow’s Family Tradition, SOM), was No. 1 Owner-Handled Boxer for over two years; we’ve achieved Group Ones together and he was awarded BOS at the AKC National Championship to the No. 1 ranked Boxer at that time and a Best in Specialty over multiple top Boxers in a large entry. Another of my girls, “Danica” (GCH South Willow N Hallmarks Driven To Succeed), was awarded Breed over the No. 1 and No. 2 male Boxers at the time, owner-handled by myself.

Which have been my most influential sires and dams?

Stephanie Davidson: My boy “Chevy” (GCH South Willow’s Like A Rock), had the largest impact on my breeding program. It is his features of his gorgeous, strong head and smooth square outline that I worked to pull through in multiple generations after him. “Chili” (CH O’Bravo N South Willow’s Red Hot Chili Pepper, GDOM), is behind some of my top-performing Boxers. She was bred twice and produced five GCHs or CHs, one Canadian CH, and other major-pointed kids, all of which achieved their titles with limited showing and have gone on to produce beautiful, winning kids of their own.

Can I talk a bit about my facilities? Where are my puppies whelped? How are they raised?

Stephanie Davidson: I’m a firm believer in making the dogs you keep a part of your family, whether they are show dogs or not. It is important to me that once a puppy is ready to leave my home, they have a temperament that is as balanced as possible. Therefore, once the puppies are old enough, about 4.5 weeks old, they are moved to the living room in a plexiglass walled pen where they can see and hear everything in a typical home life.

They get used to the different sounds, different people coming and going, and the routine of when to wake up and when to go to bed. Before then, the whelping box with the mother and her puppies are literally right next to the side of my bed. Anything could happen in that early stage and I make sure they are all receiving enough milk, care, and warmth. Then, at 8 weeks old, they are more than ready to leave for their new homes.

What is my “process” for selecting Show Puppies? Performance Puppies?

Stephanie Davidson: Many years ago, Pat Hastings of Puppy Puzzle and an AKC judge used a litter of mine to teach at a Breed National. I follow what she taught through today. Although I put more emphasis on the head than she did, since the Boxer breed’s head is so important, almost everything else she taught has proven to be correct for me. I do a lot of studying of how my dogs have grown in past litters and also do all the research possible on those studs I use that are not mine. I use what I research to understand better how each may mature. In keeping these records and following what Pat Hastings has taught, I feel this has led to the high success of only placing the best finishable dogs in the ring.

Do I compete in Performance Events? In Parent Club Tests & Trials?

Stephanie Davidson: I spend most my efforts in Conformation events. However, I have competed in Lure Coursing, Fast CAT, and Canine Good Citizen as well. A few of my dogs hold titles from these events.

Is “performance” part of my decision-making when it comes to breeding?

Stephanie Davidson: Although I breed away from issues such as slipped hocks, which can limit a Boxer in a Performance event, any breeding I plan is solely to produce a couple dogs that can be shown. Along with that, the rest are placed in wonderful companion homes.

How would I define “conditioning” as it relates to my breed?

Stephanie Davidson: It is very important to me that my Boxers are not only conditioned physically but mentally as well. Because I want my dogs to be part of a family’s day-to-day, they must be well rounded. It’s also important that a breed that can have joint issues is in good physical condition. The dogs at my home eat mostly a raw diet and are very active, and those that need a little more are on a treadmill or swim to build strength.

Are there any health-related concerns in my breed? Any special nutritional needs?

Stephanie Davidson: The main health concerns affecting a Boxer are cardiomyopathy, degenerative myelopathy, hypothyroidism, aortic valve disease, and hip dysplasia. Fortunately, there are tests to assist in breeding choices for these health issues. Unfortunately, there is no test for cancer and, for me, cancer has been the main concern I’ve had to fight. However, I have been told by vets who are open to natural medicine that their dogs’ raw diet has prolonged their lives.

Do I think my breed is supported by a sufficient number of preservation breeders?

Stephanie Davidson: I feel Boxers are one of the most competitive breeds showing. There are many outstanding handlers all over the US and in other countries, and many Boxer breeders who campaign and push for top rankings. This does make it so that we have to compete against a greater number of entries to achieve a championship title. But, it is also very satisfying to know that when you do win, it was against a large number of great competition.

Is my breed well suited to be a family dog? Who are the best candidates to own my breed?

Stephanie Davidson: As I stated earlier in this writing, the extensive research I did before buying a dog was keeping compatibility with my family in mind. Boxers are wonderful family members. However, they do need activity and mental challenges. They are very smart and can become bored and then destructive if they do not have attention and a job. I keep my dogs involved with every part of my life and I mix in different activities.

What is the biggest misconception about my breed? What is my breed’s best-kept secret?

Stephanie Davidson: When I first purchased a Boxer, part of my decision-making was a breed that looked intimidating. I was home alone a lot with my kids and wanted a dog for protection as well. Especially with the ears cropped, a Boxer can look scary to some. They are not, whatsoever! A Boxer is goofy, lovable, and outgoing. They are up for anything you want to involve them in.

If I could share a comment or two with judges of my breed, what would I like to say to them?

Stephanie Davidson: Many years ago, if I was asked this, I would tell a judge to remember that a Boxer was designed to do a job. They required a certain strength, build, and bite. I’ve seen countless fine-boned Boxers awarded and others whose shoulders are so bad that their front legs are placed in front of their neck. I could go on.

After some years now, I realize judges have their hands on each of the dogs and they could be seeing something that a spectator can’t. They also may still feel that the dog they award was not great but still better than the flaws of the other dogs. My comment that still carries on through the last 20 years is to please just judge the dog and not the handler. We’ve all seen it, heard the conversations between the judges and that handler, and only want the dog judged, even if it’s not the one we would have awarded.

Do I have any words of wisdom to pass along to newer breeders?

Stephanie Davidson: There are too many dogs out there. Only breed for a purpose and not just to produce pets. Dogs are someone’s lifelong commitment and if you don’t have time to put in everything that these puppies need, don’t breed. It’s not fair to those puppies. It’s a lot of work, but can also be very fulfilling.

For a bit of fun, what’s the most amusing thing I’ve ever experienced with a Working Dog?

Stephanie Davidson: A lot of a Boxer’s personality is to be goofy. From the “zoomies” where something just gets into them and they feel they need to burn circles around the yard or, if in the house, use your furniture to bounce off while running super-fast in a circle… or finding new ways to dive to the bottom of a pool by spiraling down… or being so excitable that they fold in half so much while walking towards you that their butt could bump into their head, a Boxer is always going to make you laugh!

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I started showing in 1971 (Old Dominion Kennel Club, Virginia, Cherry Blossom Circuit) with my first purebred dog. I had never been to a dog show before.

At that time, there were some box trucks that the handlers had, lots of station wagons, a few vans, and the infamous BLUEBIRD. Most of the shows were outdoors here on the East Coast, and on nice days most exhibitors stayed and enjoyed the Groups and Best in Show. There was lots of time to chat with the other exhibitors, learn more about your breed (and many other breeds) on a lot of those balmy, sunny days. (Of course, we sometimes waded through mud puddles and hid from the torrents of rain!)

There were fewer shows, too. Most shows were held on weekends with fewer “circuits” of multiple days. We couldn’t wait to get our “Gazettes” to find out who won where… and the magazines were anticipated—even if the news was very outdated. Our phones were always busy after a show weekend, and long-distance rates went down after 7 p.m. It was an exciting time to start on this journey.

So Much Has Changed

Thanks to modern innovations (i.e., the Internet, cell phones, etc.) we now have almost immediate show results from across the country—sometimes even videos of the show in progress. Many of the superintendents post the results quickly, and participants often post videos of the judging.

The results of Boxer involvement in a multitude of Performance Events and in Obedience are often shared, accompanied by photos or videos shortly after the accomplishments.

But how do you find out more Boxer “stuff” and more information about the breed?

The American Boxer Club excels in digital information! The official website offers an extensive amount of both current and past history as well as past, current, and upcoming activities.

Web Guru of the ABC site, Vicki Rounsaville-Millard, has created an informative compilation of everything Boxer, from AKC recognition in 1904 to current and future events, statistics, history, the foundation and structure of the Parent Club accompanied by the most current Officers, Directors, and Membership along with information concerning member club locations. Upcoming events, dates, and locations are available. Updates of information on genetic and medical research impacting the breed, and studies that are constantly updated, may also be available.

One of the most memorable and important documents that is published in its entirely on this site is the 50th Anniversary Album which traces the development of the ABC, done in lieu of a catalog for the 1985 National Specialty and compiled by Suzie Campbell. Originally printed in hardcover, it is now a collector’s item and it’s almost impossible to find the hardcover. Going through the Table of Contents leads to a trip through the development and progression of the growth of the Boxer in the US.

So Many Informative Sites

BOXER U is another venue for learning about the breed. Each year at the National Specialty, BOXER U classes are conducted by many knowledgeable and respected Boxer folks, and audience participation is encouraged. Videos of these classes are available on the ABC YouTube Boxer Channel.

The ABC YOUTUBE CHANNEL is an additional source for learning more about the breed. It has videos from many specialties and events throughout the years. Some movies of old specialties offer a chance to see some of the dogs you’ve only read about, with very entertaining videos of specialties and action videos of astonishing performance Boxers.

The JUDGES EDUCATION COMMITTEE information is included on the ABC website. The Committee worked with AKC in developing Judging the Boxer which is available on the website for both breeders and prospective judges. This offers introspection on what an AKC judge looks for in the evaluation of the Boxer in the show ring.

AND… another digital creation, available by subscribing online, is In the Know, a newsletter that keeps up with the upcoming events and the latest news for all things Boxer. Editors Tami Mishler and Ginny Shames keep pace with the ever-evolving activities and accomplishments in the Boxer world. Subscribe and you will be “IN THE KNOW.”

Of course, speaking of Internet communication, it would be remiss of me to ignore FACEBOOK. Not only is there an “official” ABC Facebook page, there is also an Obedience Group available… and many other pages from each of the national specialties in past years.

With all the current digital creations, and as convenient as modern innovations are, nothing can replace seeing and meeting the “clown” of the Working breeds—the BOXER—in person.

Walk up and introduce yourself… and you will have a new friend.

With all the current digital creations, and as convenient as modern innovations are, nothing can replace seeing and meeting the “clown” of the Working breeds—the BOXER—in person.

Are you looking for a Boxer puppy?

The best way to ensure a long and happy relationship with a purebred dog is to purchase one from a responsible breeder.

Not sure where to begin finding a breeder? Contact the National Parent Club’s Breeder Referral person, which you can find on the AKC Breeder Referral Contacts page.

Want to help rescue and re-home a Boxer dog?

Did you know nearly every recognized AKC purebred dog has a dedicated rescue group? Find your new best friend on the AKC Rescue Network Listing.

Boxer Breed Magazine

Showsight Magazine is the only publication to offer dedicated Digital Breed Magazines for ALL recognized AKC Breeds.

Read and learn more about the bright Boxer dog breed with articles and information in our Boxer Breed Magazine.

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In 2011, the American Boxer Club created an Annual Award The Unsung Hero Award awarded to winners in two categories: Human and Boxer. There were no requisite qualifications for recipients other than being a HERO, and nominators for this award were not required to be affiliated with the American Boxer Club.

proof of the belief that “Man’s Best Friend” often has four paws and comes in fawn, brindle or white.

Each year, a committee chaired by Gail Karwoski (surfdomboxers@gmail.com) receives nominations from across the US for Boxers that have given exemplary service in many different genres for the Unsung Hero Award. A committee selects the winner for the year—but each and every Boxer nominee is a HERO. Some of the extraordinary canine recipients and nominees are shown here, proof of the belief that “Man’s Best Friend” often has four paws and comes in fawn, brindle or white.

Unsung Hero Award – MIDAS

“Midas” was owned by Lance Cpl. Juan Valdez-Castillo. In a 2010 report, the Department of Veterans Affairs showed that there was an average of 22 suicides per day. After four deployments and several severe injuries, Juan retired and bought a family dog, a Boxer named “Midas.” As Juan says, “This dog was different, he would wake me up from nightmares.” Juan pursued training Midas as a Service Dog. Juan says, “Midas saved my life—it was a very dark time.” He gave Juan a new lease on life. Together, they went on a mission to promote the benefits of the positive healing that service dogs can contribute to combat veterans. Dogs on deployment ran the “Midas Cares Initiative” led by Midas and Juan to raise funds and awareness for the benefits of service dogs.

Unsung Hero Award – FINN

“Finn” was one of six puppies and was placed at eight weeks. By eight months, the family decided the puppy was too much and he was returned. His breeder worked with him and soon found that he responded well to positive reinforcement, and he soon started to flourish. An animal behaviorist needed a relentless dog that would not be put off by a young boy’s meltdown and screaming, and she needed a dog that was capable of interrupting and assessing injurious behavior. After training, Finn fit the bill. He was trained as a PTSD service dog and became Bryson’s service dog. He was specifically trained as a psychiatric service dog for Bryson, to interrupt self-injurious behavior, provide mobility support on stairs and uneven surfaces, bring him back to reality during a flashback, block him from crowds, and comfort him in time of need. Since Finn has been with him, Bryson has become a happy teen who has started to find his own voice and confidence.

Unsung Hero Award – KARL

“Karl” is the Courthouse Dog. When children become victims of abuse and are called to testify, it can be a very traumatic experience. The Orange County K-9 Circuit Program matches dogs with these children when they are on the witness stand. Karl provides companionship and courage in the courthouse. Karl was born deaf, so loud noises, and possible loud and angry voices, don’t bother him. Children like having Karl with them, underneath the stand. Most never see the leash wound around a brave child’s hand. As the child walks into the courtroom, he is not alone—Karl is right by his side. The child doesn’t fear, because Karl, with his blue hat and gentle demeanor, will protect him from the person who hurt them.

He [Sabiye] has performed 55 suspect tracks and 32 suspect building searches, as well as 20 SWAT applications. He has been credited with 22 suspect apprehensions.

Unsung Hero Award – SABIYE

(Sheriff’s Deputy K9 Sabine von Bachbett, DPO, IPO38, Police VSK, FH, IPO-ZTP)

During his law enforcement career, K9 “Sabiye” had over 400 deployments for the Sheriff’s Department. He was certified as a Narcotic Detector Dog regionally and nationally. He was responsible for seizures of illegal drugs with a total street value of over $175,000 and drug-related cash seizures of over $40,000. He has performed 55 suspect tracks and 32 suspect building searches, as well as 20 SWAT applications. He has been credited with 22 suspect apprehensions. Part of K9 Sabiye’s duties include community education and public outreach, and he has been active as a working competition dog. An anonymous donor and the Bangor Middle School donated the funds to purchase Sabiye as a young dog, and nine years later K9 Sabiye received an award from the Wisconsin Professional Police Association for heroism in his role apprehending a dangerous suspect that Sabiye had located—even though Sabiye had been struck and seriously injured by the suspect.

 

Java did her very best to bring much needed smiles to the amazing people of Moore. Not only did she comfort the victims, she also cuddled with the Red Cross staff and gave local police her signature hug.

Unsung Hero Award – JAVA

(Ay Da Derjava, CGC, Therapy Dog, BH, CD, BREVET, French Ring 1, AXJ, OAJP, CAT, DRSD)

Disaster Relief Dogs, also called Crisis Response Dogs, work during active crises and in emergency situations. They offer a calming presence and a welcoming distraction to those who have been impacted by disasters. On May 20, 2013, a destructive EF5 Tornado struck Moore, Oklahoma, with peak winds up to 210 MPH, leaving a “giant black wall of destruction.” Seventy-five children and staff were present at Plaza Towers Elementary School when the tornado struck, and seven children were killed there. “Java” and handler Jodie Alwin traveled from Minneapolis, Minnesota, and spent a week at the Police Chief’s home, touring the damaged neighborhoods, community shelters, schools, command centers, and churches. They attended the funerals of the school children who lost their lives in the disaster. Java did her very best to bring much needed smiles to the amazing people of Moore. Not only did she comfort the victims, she also cuddled with the Red Cross staff and gave local police her signature hug.

Above are just a few of the Boxer Heroes that have impacted the lives of many people… they walk among us.

The Official American Boxer Club Standard reads, in part, under Character and Temperament: “Deliberate and wary with strangers, he will exhibit curiosity, but, most importantly, fearless courage if threatened. However, he responds promptly to friendly overtures honestly rendered. His intelligence, loyal affection, and tractability to discipline make him a highly desireable companion.”

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