Preserving the Alaskan Malamute

If there is any hope of preserving this breed’s ability to survive in the high Arctic and perform as a freighting sled dog, then both breeders and judges have to recognize and reward those traits. So what structure is necessary for a freighting sled dog?

First Critical Attribute: The Malamute must have complete extension of the hock when the foot is on the ground. This is the forward force. The dog that pushes off with the hock bent is pushing up, not forward. This is extremely inefficient. Even worse is a dog that never extends the hock and lets it fly up behind. This looks like a bicycling action from the side. This should never be rewarded.

Second Critical Attribute: The Malamute must have a solid, level back when moving. Yes, the standard says “gently sloping,” and standing still, the withers may be an inch higher than the top of the pelvis, but when the dog moves and drops his head forward, that back should be straight, strong, and level. Do you want the dog to pull the load uphill? If you have ever seen dogs weight pull or a team start a heavy load, they drop the head and lower their body so that there is a straight forward pull at the height the tug line is attached to the load. Because of the longer coat over the shoulders, the topline may look slightly sloping, but an actual slope from withers to croup is improper structure for a freighting dog.

Third Critical Attribute: The Malamute must have balanced, moderate angulation. Moderate compared to what? The same New England mushers wrote the Siberian Husky standard in 1932 and the Alaskan Malamute standard in 1935, so moderate compared to the Siberian Husky is the likely answer. Our standard states the Malamute is not a racing sled dog. Draft horses and oxen have straight angles and heavy bone. The AMCA measuring committee in the early 1990s found 28 to 30 degree shoulder layback to be the maximum. Balance is critical for endurance. A dog with no endurance would never have survived. Once a dog could not continue to pull, they became dog food. This was true not only for the Eskimos but also was the standard practice of Arctic explorers. As the expedition used up their supplies and the extra sleds and dogs were not needed, the excess dogs were used as dog food. Only the very best dogs returned.

Fourth Critical Attribute: The Malamute must have large snowshoe feet. Perhaps this should be first, as every musher will tell you that a sled dog is only as good as his feet. It is imperative that Arctic animals be able to stay on top of the snow. Like a snowshoe, the large foot distributes the weight of the dog so he does not sink to his belly in the snow. A small cat foot would be a life-threatening detriment to a Malamute.

Fifth Critical Attribute: The Malamute must have heavy bone and strong muscles. I love the last sentence of the 1935 Malamute standard—“The legs of the Malamute must indicate unusual strength and pulling power—any definite indication of unsoundness in feet or legs, standing or moving constitutes practically disqualification in the show ring.”

The Alaskan Malamute is truly a survival-of-the-fittest breed. When one studies the life of the Eskimos in Alaska, you come to realize that everything about this breed is a result of their subsistence hunter lifestyle. The Eskimos of North America and Greenland are the only people that lived in the high Arctic (above the treeline) all year. Scarcity of food demanded that they were nomads, and the dogs pulling sleds in winter, boats in summer, or packing their meager belongings were their only means of transportation.

When I started in Malamutes in the mid-1960s, there was very little information available about the breed. So I started reading books about Arctic exploration and Eskimo culture in hopes of learning more about the breed. These accounts always wrote about the dogs’ ability to survive at minus 60 degrees below zero with 40-mile-per-hour winds just curled up in the snow; how they could keep working on meager rations; their ability to find a buried trail and to avoid unsafe ice; and their love of fighting. But I was looking for specific characteristics that contributed to the Malamute’s ability to survive in the Alaskan Arctic and perform his job. So I proceeded to study the other land animals that live in the high Arctic all year: the Arctic wolf, the Arctic fox, the polar bear, and the Arctic hare.

When you compare them to the same species found in the temperate climate and the warm areas, you will notice the following: As the species goes North, the coat becomes denser, longer, and hair increases on the extremities. The body and extremities become rounder. The feet are larger and have more hair on them. The dewlap increases in size. The ears become smaller, thicker, and more furred. Also, I noticed that all of the Arctic species have dark pigment, no stop, almond-shaped eyes, and tight lips.

The book, The Arctic Year, written by Peter Freuchen and Finn Salomonsen, explains in detail the reasons for the adaptations of Arctic animals, birds, insects, and plants.

Coat: This is the most critical characteristic for the Malamute’s survival in his native environment. The dense woolly, oily undercoat is filled with air, which, being a non-conductor, helps to reduce the loss of body heat.

The coarse guard hair covers the undercoat, keeping the air from escaping and protecting it from moisture. Good leg coat and hair between the toes, as called for in the standard, are also important adaptations.

Compact Body: Heat loss is proportionate to the size of the surface, so there is a general tendency to reduce the surface area in Arctic animals. A broad, deep, and long rib cage with a short muscular loin will produce the compact body essential for packing and will also reduce heat loss compared to a long, narrow body.

Black Pigment: In summer, there are 24 hours of sunshine and no trees for shade. Pink pigment sunburns and also attracts biting insects, according to the Ranger who was in charge of the dogs at Mt. Denali. Dark pigment on the eyelids helps to prevent “snow blindness” in humans, so perhaps it is the same in animals. I have noticed that all puppies are born with dark hair under the eyes and keep it for several months, a protection from the glare of the sun, just like baseball players blacken under their eyes.

Tight Lips: At minus 40 degrees, exposed skin will freeze in 3 seconds. When the dog is working and panting, the warm air exhaled will keep the lips from freezing. But when not panting, the skin of the lips must never be exposed.

No Stop: Any indentations on the head would collect snow and result in heat loss. The Malamute standard states: “The topline of the skull and the topline of the muzzle show a slight break downward from a straight line as they join.”

Almond Eyes: Round and/or protruding eyes would be very susceptible to injury from ice and snow.

Ears: Obviously, the smaller, thicker, and well-furred ears would have less heat loss and are less likely to freeze. When you look at the same species from warmer climates, you see the ears change to larger, thinner, and less fur. The Malamute is also capable of folding the ear together and laying them back against the skull to keep the snow out, and he can rotate the ear 180 degrees when the musher gives a command or he hears something behind him. The set of the Malamute ears on the outside back edges of the skull facilitates this.

Dewlap: The Arctic animals have a layer of fat under the skin in winter, which not only acts as insulation but is a source of energy when food is scarce. Note how the dewlap becomes less prominent in southern species. This extra layer of fat, skin, and fur insulates the trachea and helps to warm the air before it reaches the lungs.

In addition to the above characteristics found in all high-Arctic land animals, we need to include teeth and tail as necessary survival characteristics for the Alaskan Malamute.

Teeth: The dogs were tossed a chunk of frozen food. A dog that had missing canines, molars, small teeth, or a bite issue would take longer to eat his food. This means he had to defend his meat from those that devoured theirs faster. While defending his food, some other dog would likely steal it. With less food, his chances of survival diminish. The dog who couldn’t continue to work became food for the other dogs or bear bait. It was strictly survival of the fittest.

Tail: The tail of the Malamute is not only a distinguishing breed characteristic but also serves an important purpose. When the dog is at rest, he curls up and puts the plume tail over his nose. The snow will completely cover him, and he can breathe through the abundant tail hair, thus providing him with his own igloo.

Size has been an issue among breeders since the 1940s, but for judges, it should not be. Our standard clearly states, “size consideration should not outweigh that of type, proportion, movement, and other functional attributes.” Size should only be used as a tie-breaker by a judge. The 25 and 23 inches in the standard was actually an average height between two bloodlines prominent in the early years.

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The Alaskan Malamute

Known as the largest of the sled dogs in the Arctic, the Alaskan Malamute has recently been named as the “State Dog of Alaska”. The breed was originally recognized as indigenous to the northwest coastal area of Alaska, that which was inhabited by the ‘Mahlemuit’ Indian tribes. These tribes used Malamutes as sled and hunting dogs.

Descriptions and purported samples of the ‘Mahlemoots’ served as models for various breeders in the Lower 49 whose work lead to the eventual recognition of the breed with the American Kennel Club in 1935. However, most Malamute fanciers today don’t know that it has not in fact been demonstrated that any genes from those Northern Alaskan dogs actually contributed to the Alaskan Malamute as we know them today. Those progenitors came from points as far apart as the Yukon and Baffin Island, and not until the AKC reopened the stud book for Malamutes in 1950 following the loss of many existing dogs on the Admiral Byrd Antarctic expeditions, did any dogs actually come from Alaska to the lower states. These were a distinctly different type (larger, less compact) compared to the earlier Malamutes. While the dogs extracted from dogs used in the freighting teams during the Alaska and Yukon gold rushes resembled fanciers’ visions of what this breed should be, again, none actually came from Northwestern Alaska. As the ‘Malamutes’ of the day were generally seen as more desirable in temperament and durability than the usual run-of-the-mill dogs of the North, it was common for those trading in dogs to call their sled dogs that name, whether or not they actually were.

In any event, the breed was accepted in America as a distinct type, as compared to the ‘Eskimo Dogs’ previously recognized by AKC, and in due course, also by the Canadian Kennel Club. The first Alaskan Malamute Champion of Record with the CKC was actually a white male owned by Lorna Jackson of Ontario.

Form & Function

The head is NOT the most important aspect of this breed!

We all know that the Alaskan Malamute is a sled dog for heavy freighting. The part that is often overlooked or minimized is the addendum—“in the Arctic”. Essentially, all breeds of dogs were developed by intention or by happenstance for specific purposes and functions; for hunting, draft, coursing, hunting varmints, companionship or for sport. But perhaps no other breed was as essential to its human counterparts for their very survival. Whether utilized by the semi-nomadic Inuit to move to new hunting grounds, or tracking seal and bear game, or for hauling the fruits of a successful hunt back to their villages by sensing the return route in the featureless Arctic, these dogs made possible survival in the most horrendous conditions imaginable.

Even more impressive than their ability to transport large loads, is their ability to survive extreme cold with minimal food. A compact structure with an incredibly dense coat and an extremely efficient digestive system was essential. As these dogs had no knowledge of kennels and chains, and were left to roam loose between excursions, it was inevitable that these sled dogs would develop the skill to augment their own meager diets by hunting on their own. Indeed, modern Malamutes are still quite predatory in nature if not socialized away from that at an early age.

Health & Temperament

While today most Malamutes live in conditions that are much less harsh than those their ancestors had to endure not so long ago, it is important that breeders aim their efforts at ensuring that those dogs that will not embark on Arctic expeditions remain capable, nevertheless, of doing exactly that on the basis of their structure, toughness, temperament and health. The Malamute is not a ‘one man dog’ but is willing to be friends with anyone given the opportunity. They should not be standoffish or aggressive with humans at any time, though, they can be quite territorial around other dogs. Given the realities of urban and suburban life, temperaments of many Malamutes today are much softer than even a few generations ago.

Health issues exist, although for a large breed, these are perhaps fewer than many breeds. As with humans, cancer is likely the number one cause of shortened lives in Malamutes. Kidney failures, hip dysplasia, autoimmune issues, epilepsy and cataracts may occur as well.

Judging the Alaskan Malamute

Bigger is NOT better. There is a natural range in size within the breed. the desirable freighting sizes are males, 25″ at the shoulders and 85 lbs.; females, 23″ and 75 lbs.

It was once common to hear a judge in the Alaskan Malamute ring, having put up a particularly impressive specimen declare, “This dog could pull me out of a snow drift any time.”

It goes without saying that a large dog will exert more pulling power force than a smaller dog in equal condition, in equal conditions. However, a Malamute is not designed for short bursts of pulling power; the auto club should be contacted if you need to get out of a snow bank. The Alaskan Malamute is designed to pull heavy loads over long distances—which is to say, sustained effort. While the words of the breed standard make it clear that one should not exclude a large dog of considerable merit, it makes it absolutely clear that a smaller dog of equal merit also should not be overlooked. “When dogs are judged equal in type, proportion, movement and other functional attributes, the dog nearest the desirable freighting size is to be preferred.”

That is to repeat, NEAREST the desirable freighting size, NOT the larger one. And especially the larger dog should not go up purely on size regardless of soundness. The larger dog may win on pure power for the short duration, but one should never forget, these dogs need to continue their effort over many hours and many miles and do it on minimal food ingested. A very large dog would expend more energy just hauling himself down the trail, while also requiring a much larger food supply than a smaller dog. The original standard for the breed recognized by the AKC in 1935 called for males at 22 to 25 inches, females at 20 to 23 inches, today it seems that even dogs at the larger end of that range are considered too small; not too small to be successful freighting dogs, but too small to win in the ring. Priorities have been misplaced!

What’s Important?

The words of the standard are as clear as the English language can make it in the summary: “The legs of the Malamute must indicate unusual strength and tremendous pulling power. Any indication of unsoundness in legs or feet, standing or moving is considered a serious fault. Faults under this provision include; splay-footedness cow hocks, bad pasterns, straight shoulders, lack of angulation, stilted gait (or any gait that isn’t balanced, strong and steady) ranginess, ponderousness, lightness of bone and poor overall proportions.”

To reiterate in the words of the authors of The Alaskan Malamute, Yesterday and Today, “The Malamute in its correct form is a marvel of efficiency, while he is well muscled and more heavily boned than his other Northern cousins, he is never an overblown cartoon, nor is he a slow clumsy plodder.” Soundness of limb and movement are vital to the Malamute’s function. When interpreting the standard as much emphasis must be given to the attributes of soundness as to those describing substantial build. Throughout the standard, the three words used most often to describe the Alaskan Malamute are strong, powerful and sound.

Further Thoughts

All aspects of an Alaskan Malamute contribute to the identity of the breed and its ability to do its tasks. However, some are more critical than others.

Feet: After balanced angulation (front to rear to be the same), no conformation trait is as important to Malamutes at work than their feet. Poor feet (ones that are not large, compact toes well arched, pads thick) on a Malamute are like wheelbarrow tires on a work truck. These have sometimes been called “snowshoe feet,” which is in a fact a misnomer as it gives the impression that large feet are intended to help the dog stay atop the snow; in fact they are intended to give maximum traction in slippery conditions and maximum shock absorption when on the move

Bend of Stifle: Moderate. This is a heavy-trotting dog, not a Sight Hound.

Coat & Color: Malamutes are double coated, with a coarsely textured outer layer over a short dense undercoat. Colors range from silver grey through darker shades to black and red. Sable shadings are acceptable. White is the only solid color allowed. No color is preferred. Trimming is allowed only to tidy feet. Cutting the hair on the underside of a dog to give appearance of more leg length is not permitted.

Topline: It is SLIGHTLY sloping. Extreme slope indicates straight shoulders and/or overdone rear.

Finally, because of the varied sources of the original ‘Malamutes’, it was common to see considerable visual variation in the breed. And indeed, these differences continued for some years as fanciers’ with the various iterations tended to remain loyal to them, therefore resisting going outside. However, eventually the walls came down and today the lines and styles have been increasingly mixed and variations are now less extreme. However, those older genes have not completely disappeared and dogs demonstrating traits from the past still pop up from time to time. As they are still, indeed, Alaskan Malamutes, these should not be discriminated against on style, only on type, soundness and their ability to continue as sled dogs for heavy freighting.

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This article was originally published in Showsight Magazine, January 2013 issue.

Back to Basics: The Alaskan Malamute

The Alaskan Malamute is the heavy freighting dog of the north. Malamutes pull heavy loads at slow speeds. They are not racing dogs. The Malamute’s breed characteristics developed from the harsh environment they endured as much as from the lifestyle of the Inuit, the people of the North American Arctic coasts. These Arctic dogs were a necessity for Inuit survival. The dogs not only pulled sledges, they carried backpacks in the summer, they located seal breathing holes in the coastal ice, and they distracted Polar bears for hunters.

The Inuit are one culture from the coastal areas of Alaska to Greenland. Their dogs are essentially one breed across that large geographic area. Differences in these dogs that we see today, such as length of leg or coat, color and markings, result from the geographical separations of these nomadic people. The dogs Robert Peary used in the 1890’s to explore the Arctic could compete in our show rings today. There are still dogs used by the Inuit in Greenland that are true to Malamute type.

The Malamute gene pool today is made up of three basic strains. The AKC recognized the original Kotzebue strain, registered in 1935. The AKC opened the Malamute Studbook and admitted the M’Loot and Hinman strains in the late 40’s and early 50’s. The Army had drafted most sled dogs for service during World War II. In accordance with US military protocol, the Army destroyed most of those dogs at the end of the war, so that there were too few registered dogs to maintain the breed. The Malamute Club modified the original 1935 standard in 1960 to accommodate the new bloodlines. This change in the standard and admission of new lines caused a great deal of strife in our Club over the years. The one dog that unites all of these lines is Ch Toro of Bras Coupe. He represented our breed for many years in the “AKC Complete Dog Book.” Toro is behind every Malamute alive today because of his use in blending all three Malamute strains. He was bred by Earl and Natalie Norris of Alaska and won the Breed at Westminster in 1952.

The Malamute standard stresses the anatomical features that allowed these dogs to survive in the harshest environment. The dogs lived outside in weather that often got to 50 degrees below zero. When food was scarce they ate only every few days and still worked extremely hard. To protect the dogs in these extreme conditions, the Mals need a coarse, stand-off coat with a dense, wooly undercoat. A soft or long coat will separate in the wind and let the weather get to the skin. Good feet are also important for survival in the Arctic. The Standard calls for large compact feet which help the dog spread its weight in the snow. Small, thick, well-furred ears are less likely to freeze. Almond shaped, obliquely set eyes minimize the glare of sun on snow. A round or bulgy eye is at risk of freezing. The flat back skull, bulky muzzle, and slightly sloping stop do not provide a place for snow to accumulate on the dog. The Malamute standard uses the word ‘moderate’ to describe most aspects of conformation. Extremes in structure are usually not a successful survival strategy. Type features in our standard, such as the plume tail, ear placement, and dark eyes are not necessary for the dog to survive, but they help to make the dog a Malamute.

This “Important” note comes from the Malamute standard: “In judging Malamutes, their function as a sledge dog for heavy freighting in the Arctic must be given consideration above all else. The degree to which a dog is penalized should depend upon the extent to which the dog deviates from the description of the ideal Malamute and the extent to which the particular fault would actually affect the working ability of the dog. The legs of the Malamute must indicate unusual strength and tremendous propelling power. Any indication of unsoundness in legs and feet, front or rear, standing or moving, is to be considered a serious fault.”

The character of the Malamute was shaped by the environment as well. The dogs lived in small family packs. The Inuit are a nomadic people and traveled around the Arctic, rarely meeting other family groups. The Malamute is not a guard dog, but he will tell you if any critter is around. He is not particularly loyal to one person or family, but should be affectionate with all people. Most Malamutes love children. Since they never knew where their next meal was coming from, Mals are prey-oriented and will attack any furry, feathered or finned creature they encounter. If they are raised with cats or other animals, they will generally be fine with them, but strange cats are fair game. Malamutes can be same-sex dog aggressive. Most enjoy the companionship of another dog, but typically the opposite sexes get along for life. Most of our mothers and daughters get along and occasionally we have had brothers who lived together for life. A neutered male and spayed female usually make a great pair for pets.

As noted previously, Malamutes were bred to pull heavy loads at slow speeds. Jamie Nelson is a musher who has run her dogs in three Iditarod races and other races including the 500 mile Bear Grease and 1,000 mile Yukon Quest. In 1994 she ran the first, and so far the only, “All Malamute” team in the Iditarod. Jamie compared running the cross-breds in a race to running Malamutes. With the cross-breds, she could take short naps on the trail and the dogs would keep running and following the trail without her encouragement. If she tried to nap with the Malamute team, they would just stop. Calories are precious in the Arctic, and Malamutes see no reason to waste them if it isn’t necessary. Conservation of energy is a Malamute survival strategy.

Malamutes were bred to pull heavy loads at slow speeds.

Siberian Huskies and Malamutes look similar, and people often ask about the differences between the breeds. Siberians, of course, came from Asia. Dog racers in Alaska imported Siberians in 1907 to run in the Fur Rendezvous races. Malamutes, as the name implies, hail originally from Alaska. Sibes are racers, Mals are sledgers. The Sibe is smaller than the Mal, generally half the size. A standard Mal bitch is about the same size as a standard Sibe dog. Sibes can have blue eyes. Since Mals don’t carry the blue gene, a blue eyed dog is not a Malamute and neither are its parents. Blue eyes are the only disqualifying fault listed in the Malamute standard. When people ask me what the difference is between a Mal and a Siberian, I tell them if your Sibe gets loose, it is in the next county. If your Mal gets loose, it is in your neighbor’s garbage.

One of the best things the Alaskan Malamute Club has done is to institute a working dog program. This program awards titles in weight-pulling, backpacking and sledding. It encourages breeders and owners to work their Malamutes and keep the important characteristics that make the Malamute a working dog. It also fosters friendships and camaraderie among breeders in a non-competitive way.

Malamute breeders and judges today should keep in mind this quote from Natalie Norris, charter member of the Alaskan Malamute Club, long time Malamute breeder and dog musher: “The Malamute is too fine and distinguished a breed to be changed into anything but what centuries of adaptability to its environment has produced. Our efforts should be to breed not only beautiful Malamutes, but as good specimens physically as were originally found in Alaska. It isn’t a question of breeding a better Malamute, but as good an Alaskan Malamute.”

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Alaskan Malamute

In judging Malamutes, their function as a sledge dog for heavy freighting in the Arctic must be given consideration above all else. The degree to which the dog is penalized should depend upon the extent to which the dog deviates from the description of the ideal Malamute and the extent to which the particular fault would actually affect the working ability of the dog. I have a friend who likes history because it explains “why”. In the history of the Alaskan Malamute, we can see why the standard calls for many of the traits that it does. Form follows function is so true. The Alaskan Malamute has its origin in an Inuit tribe called the Mehlemuts around the Norton Sound area of Alaska. They were not only sled dogs, who were used to haul heavy loads long distances, they were used for hunting and packing in supplies and were capable of an enormous amount of work. They also were well equipped to thrive in those harshly cold environments.

To fulfill their function, not only is soundness essential, but survival characteristics are of the utmost importance, as well. Proper coarse double coats are thick, harsh guard coats with dense woolly undercoats that enable the dogs to survive in the elements. Their coat texture enables them to sleep under the snow all night, stand up and shake it all off. A proper coat is water repellent and never long and soft. Please note that it is primarily the texture of the coat that is important, which may mean that the best dog (or bitch) in the ring could be out of coat, especially in summer months. Trimming, except around the feet is not acceptable.

Small extremities are in keeping with Arctic survival and protection from frostbite. Note that the ear is medium-sized but small in proportion to the head. Almond-shaped eyes, obliquely set offer protection from driving snow. Proper feet are essential to the performance of the Malamutes’ job. They should be tight and deep. They are large with tight-fitting toes that are well arched. They should not be small (cat-like), flat, or splay-footed. Most mushers agree that their dogs must have good feet. Strong, short, but flexible pasterns that are slightly sloping are also important for long-distance performance.

The entire structure of the Malamute contributes to his job performance. The body is compact, but not short-coupled, and slightly longer than tall. A long loin that weakens the back is a fault, just as being too short-coupled will hinder reach and drive. The chest is broad and deep and half the height of the dog. The chest should have room for the necessary lung capacity. The back is firm and gently sloping to the hips. Shoulders are moderately sloping, stifles are moderately bent, and hock joints are moderately bent and well let down. There should be a balance in these attributes that combines with proper muscle and conditioning to create a smooth, effortless, tireless, and steady gait.

The legs of the Malamute must indicate unusual strength and tremendous propelling power. Any indication of unsoundness in legs and feet, front or rear, standing or moving, is to be considered a serious fault. Faults under this provision would be splay-footedness, cow-hocks, bad pasterns, straight shoulders, lack of angulation, stilted gait (or any gait that isn’t balanced, strong, and steady), ranginess, shallowness, ponderousness, lightness of bone, and poor overall proportion.

When learning a new breed, sometimes a mnemonic is helpful. I have used words from the standard to describe gait. Please note that BALANCE IS KEY:

BALANCED

S- smooth

T- tireless

E- effortless and efficient

P- powerful

S- steady.

The standard does not call for single tracking, but the feet should converge toward the centerline at a fast trot. The legs move true in line, not too close and not too wide. From the side, you should be able to see powerful reach and drive (not a flying trot). If there is balance and proper structure, the gait will be smooth. Malamutes will tend to extend their head forward (lower it) when they move.

One of the most common misconceptions about Malamutes is that bigger is better or more powerful. This is not necessarily true. There is a natural range in desired freighting size (measured at the withers): 25″ for males and 23″ for females. However, size consideration should not outweigh that of type, proportion, movement, and other functional attributes. Only when two specimens are judged equal is the dog closest to the desired size to be preferred. In plain English, this means that a dog or bitch should not be awarded just because they are bigger (or heavier boned) or just because they are smaller. Size is not the main consideration. It is to be used as a tie breaker.

Along these same lines, many judges assume that heavier boned is automatically better or more powerful. It is important to keep in mind that the Alaskan Malamute standard was written in contrast to the Siberian Husky standard. When our standard says “heavy boned” it is in comparison to the Siberian Husky. It should be remembered that the standard also says that the Alaskan Malamute is not to be ponderous and that he is agile for his size and build. It is interesting to note that Malamutes have only one disqualification – blue eyes. The Siberian Husky has only one disqualification – height.

The head of the Malamute is broad with a blocky muzzle that is not long or pointed, but not stubby either. Note that in comparison to the Siberian, for a Malamute, high set ears are a fault. There is also only a slight stop, it should not be well defined or completely lacking. As well as the head, the tail is a distinguishing characteristic of the breed. It is moderately set, following the line of the spine. When not working, it is carried over the back in a graceful arch, like a waving plume. It should not lay flat on the back or curl tightly. When working or standing still the tail often trails. It is not a fox brush type.

When judging Malamutes, you will need to use your hands to feel for structure under the coat. However, you never need to push on the back. If the topline is weak, you will see it standing or on the move. Along the same lines, please do not measure tails. If it is too short, it will be obvious. Do not pick up the feet to examine the pads. The most common mistake I see judges making is going into the mouth of a Malamute. Please note that the mouth exam is front only. There is no disqualification for missing teeth. From the front, you will be able to see the bite (it should be scissors) and the size of the teeth (they should be large), which is all that our standard calls for. Malamutes normally love people, but do not always like each other. Please allow room to keep the dogs separate. The Alaskan Malamute should be like an Olympic-quality athlete in peak condition. Please, never sacrifice soundness or survival characteristics for cosmetic ones.

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1. Please tell us a little bit about yourself. Where do you live? How long have you been a Professional Handler? How did you get your start? Who are/were your mentors and with whom did you apprentice?

Amber Becker Briscoe: I live in Salvisa, Kentucky. I have been showing dogs for about 20 years and handling professionally for six years. When I was eight, my cousin Bryon bought a show puppy and started taking handling classes, thinking, “Amber would love this!” He was right. I started taking handling classes with Laurin Howard, a Professional Handler and Breeder of Keswicke English Springer Spaniels.

I showed in Juniors with my Springer from Laurin until I met Perry Hazelwood, who has bred Alaskan Malamutes under the Onan prefix for 40 years. He gave me a bitch to train and show in Juniors, and I realized that Alaskan Malamutes were my heart breed. Perry gave me an amazing start with several fantastic dogs as my foundation. In 2018, he asked me to take over the Onan kennel name and he continues to guide and mentor me in all things Malamute.

I started traveling with Laurin when I was around 11 and worked for her until she retired in 2017, after which I went out on my own. Laurin passed on some amazing clients and invaluable knowledge about training, handling, animal husbandry, and breeding. She is a wealth of knowledge, and I’m still learning from her constantly.

2. As a Professional Handler, can you share your thoughts on the sport today? Has judging changed since you first began showing dogs professionally? What do you think about the number of shows today? Is social media good for the sport? Is it harmful?

Amber Becker Briscoe: As a Professional Handler, it’s disheartening to see entry numbers dropping so drastically. There are many reasons for this decline, such as cost, cliques, politics, judging, etc. However, I believe the core of the sport, showcasing and celebrating well-bred dogs, is strong. We need to remind ourselves to be kind and welcoming to newcomers, rather than blocking them out. Everyone starts somewhere and I would hate to be the reason that someone didn’t stay. While there are exceptions, I generally see a welcoming, supportive community, eager to educate and bring in new people.

Judging has also seen changes. While I don’t think judging has changed drastically in the six years that I’ve been handling professionally, it has changed considerably over the past 20 years that I’ve been involved in shows. Shows used to feel more straightforward—if you had a good dog and presented it well, you could win. Years ago, it was common to see Junior Handlers and Owner-Handlers winning Groups and Bests in Show. Now, not so much. I wouldn’t necessarily say that competition is stronger, but it is fiercer with many factors at play. While politics will always play a role in dog shows, there are still many good judges out there, and at the end of the day, the good judges find the good dogs.

While I do see the downsides to an increased number of shows, I personally can appreciate it. The increased number of shows offers more opportunities for participation and allows exhibitors to choose events that best suit their dogs and life. For example, factors like judges, distance, and show sites can influence decisions, which is helpful for those balancing other commitments, such as family or work. However, it can also spread entries thin, impacting the overall quality and competitiveness of individual shows.

Social media has had a profound impact on the sport. On the positive side, it provides invaluable educational opportunities and exposure, bringing in new enthusiasts who might not have discovered dog shows otherwise. It allows for the sharing of knowledge, showcasing of achievements, and building of a community. However, it also has downsides, such as online bullying and the amplification of politics within the sport. Despite these challenges, I believe the benefits of increased awareness and community building outweigh the negatives.

3. Have the changes made to the Rules Applying to Dog Shows been good for the sport of dogs? Any thoughts on Reserve Best in Show? What about earning points through a Group win or placement? What about Reserve Winners at a Specialty earning championship points?

Amber Becker Briscoe: Overall, I think the new changes to the Rules Applying to Dog Shows have been very beneficial for the sport. While Reserve Best in Show doesn’t earn points, it’s still nice to receive recognition in the toughest line-up of the day, motivating breeders, owners, and handlers alike. Earning points through a Group win or placement is another great way to promote the sport. Some rare or low-entry breeds now have more incentive to enter shows. Previously, they might have felt there was no chance of points at a show, so why even enter? Now, a quality dog can still earn points in an entry that’s just as competitive, if not more so, than earning points by going Winners Dog or Winners Bitch.

Specialties bring in much larger entries of dogs that breeders, owners, and handlers consider their best. A dog that goes Reserve at a specialty with an entry of 60 quality class dogs is every bit as deserving as a dog going Winners at an all-breed show for a major in an entry of 10, and absolutely deserves the points and recognition. I think earning points by Group wins and placements, as well as going Reserve at a specialty, all contribute to increased quality entries while not minimizing the importance of the wins.

4. Can you share a particularly memorable experience or achievement from your handling career and what it meant to you?

Amber Becker Briscoe: One of the most memorable and meaningful experiences I’ve had as a handler was attending the 2023 Lagotto Romagnolo Raduno (National Specialty) in Italy. I showed my beautiful special, Horizon All American, “Chip,” who won Best of Breed at the largest entry in the history of the breed. He was the first-ever American-bred Lagotto to ever receive this esteemed award. Chip was bred by Bryon Miracle, Laurin Howard, and Andrea Shaffer, and is owned by Ethan Gallehr-Miracle, Bryon Miracle, and Laurin Howard. Chip was Winners Dog at the 2019 LRCA National Specialty, the first multiple Best in Show-winning Lagotto male, and Westminster 2022 Best of Breed winner, yet I still wasn’t prepared for this win.

While in their country of origin, I had the incredible opportunity to learn so much about the Lagotto: its history, working dogs, proper grooming, and presentation. I also had the privilege of meeting the world authorities on the breed, Giovanni Morsiani and Gilberto Grandi, who are both full of invaluable history and knowledge. Gilberto shared fascinating videos of dog shows from his childhood in the 1960s that almost moved me to tears. I showed a 4-month-old puppy for Fabrizio Caira who won her class and went on to win Best Puppy, and a working female for Lena Borssen who won the large working class. I can’t thank these wonderful owners enough for giving me the opportunity to present their beautiful dogs.

The Raduno’s record-breaking entry of 338 Lagotti included participants from 19 different countries. I don’t think I have ever seen a group of dog people come together in the way the Lagotto community did at this show. I met so many amazing people whom I now have the privilege of calling friends. This show had a huge impact on me personally and as a handler. It was the win of a lifetime, but the experience changed my perspective on dog shows and ignited a deeper passion for breed preservation.

5. And finally, do you want to tell us anything else about yourself, your hobbies and interests outside of dogs, or do you have any messages for the rest of the fancy?

Amber Becker Briscoe: How fortunate are we as handlers to have a job we are so passionate about? At the end of the day, we are all here for the same reason: our love for the dogs and the sport. Strive to be the reason someone new wants to come to another show. Let spectators pet your dog. Remember that you wouldn’t be where you are if someone didn’t take a chance on you. Give a new Owner- Handler or Junior your pick puppy and continue educating. Never stop welcoming and educating newcomers, and never stop learning.

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The golden ratio reveals the most beautiful dog breeds

Every breed of dog, from the muscular Rottweiler to the loveable French Bulldog, holds a special place in the hearts of countless devoted dog enthusiasts. After all, we’re all suckers for an adorable pup. But it’s safe to say some of our canine companions seem just a little more aesthetically blessed than others.

We know looks aren’t everything when it comes to falling in love with our four-legged friends. What really matters are a dog’s loyalty, playfulness, and unconditional love. However, it’s still interesting to consider the most classically beautiful breeds. So, we turned to the golden ratio.

The golden ratio is approximately 1.62 and is believed to create aesthetically pleasing proportions. It appears repeatedly in nature, such as in seashells and trees, and has been incorporated into many famous art pieces, like Dali’s The Sacrament of the Last Supper.

We applied this ratio to the faces of some of the most popular dog breeds in the US. We measured ratios between features like the eyes, nose, mouth, and overall head shape to give each one a number. The closer this aligned with the golden ratio of 1.62, the more beautiful the dog is based on this mathematical concept of ideal proportions.

The top ten most beautiful dog breeds

1. Catahoula Leopard Dog | Ratio score of 1.62

The Catahoula Leopard Dog claims the number one spot with a perfect 1.62 golden ratio score. These striking dogs with an athletic build can be found in a vivid blend of merle, brindle, and solid-colored patterns. Their floppy ears and short coats round out their distinctive appearance, while their intelligent and loyal personalities ensure that anyone who meets them risks falling instantly in love.

2. Alaskan Malamute | Ratio score of 1.61

Nipping at the heels of the Catahoula is the Alaskan Malamute with a 1.61 ratio, just 0.01 under the ideal. These Arctic sled dogs are born for ice-cold temperatures and have thick double coats, pointed ears, and well-plumed tails. Their appearance closely resembles that of a wolf, while their personalities are more playful and affectionate.

3. German Shorthaired Pointer | Ratio score of 1.64

The German Shorthaired Pointer (GSP), at 1.64, takes the third spot. This versatile hunting breed is just 0.02 over the ideal golden ratio and has a short, smooth coat that may be liver or black in color, with or without white that creates stylish patches, ticking or roaning. GSPs are perfect for anyone who wants a canine companion that is always up for vigorous exercise like running and even swimming.

The states with the most beautiful state dogs

There are 13 US states with official state dogs. While some opt for broader categories, such as “adoptable dog” in Georgia or “working dog” in New York, others have designated a specific breed.

But which of these are the most beautiful according to the golden ratio?

As the most beautiful breed overall, it’s no surprise that the Catahoula Leopard Dog is also the most beautiful state dog. First bred in Louisiana and used for hunting game and herding livestock, this breed has been beloved within the Bayou State for centuries.

The Alaskan Malamute and the Great Dane complete the top three. The latter breed was originally bred to be a boar hunter, but the dogs gradually became better suited over time to being watchdogs and have made great companions ever since.

Methodology:

We created a seed list of 25 of the best-known dog breeds in the US from the American Kennel Club. Alongside this list of popular breeds, we also made a list of the 13 official state dogs (only noting those breeds that were not on the list of the 25 best-known dog breeds).

We then measured these dogs’ facial features using face-on images. As we were only concerned with ratios, the difference in size between images did not impact the overall result.

We took measurements for the following features before running the numbers through a golden ratio calculator to get the ratio score for each dog breed:

1. Length of face
2. Top of head to pupils of eyes
3. Pupils to nose tip
4. Pupils to mouth
5. Width of nose
6. Distance between outer corners of eyes
7. Width of face
8. Bottom of ears to pupils
9. Nose tip to chin
10. Mouth to chin
11. Length of mouth
12. Nose tip to mouth

With this ratio score, we determined the difference between each breed’s score and the golden ratio of 1.62, ranking each dog breed on how close their ratio score is to the ideal.
The golden ratio is a mathematical concept with a value of 1.62. It is used to judge beauty as many people find this unique ratio pattern, based on the famous Fibonacci sequence, visually pleasing and ideally proportioned.

The post Beautiful Dogs: The Golden Ratio Reveals the Most Beautiful Dog Breeds appeared first on Showsight Magazine.

Interview With Mike Stone & Alisa Syar, Breeders of Silver Ice Alaskan Malamutes, by Allan Reznik

Where did each of you grow up?

Mike grew up in San Francisco/Novato; Alisa in the Napa Valley.

Do you come from doggie families? And if not, how did the interest in breeding and showing purebred dogs begin?

Mike: Yes, my mother, Roberta Stone, raised Toy and Miniature Poodles under the Stonewood prefix. I started in Junior Showmanship at age 13. I went on to work for a professional handler at age 16. When I was 17, I went to work for professional handlers Marvin and Jeri Cates, and remained with them for 13 years. At that time, I held an AKC all-breed assistant’s license. This was back in the days when handlers had to be licensed to show individual breeds. During the 13 years I was with Mr. and Mrs. Cates, I had the great opportunity of working with a lot of different breeds, and expanding my knowledge of handling, grooming, and the health and welfare of animal care. It was a huge opportunity to work with some of their clients.

Alisa: I came from an equestrian family. My mother rode Hunters/Jumpers and my grandparents bred Palomino Parade horses and racehorses, so naturally, I was riding ponies before I could walk. Then I continued to show Hunters/Jumpers and Dressage horses. We always had dogs: Jack Russells, Australian Shepherds, and German Shepherd Dogs. My grandparents had Chesapeake Bay Retrievers. I bought my first Alaskan Malamute from a breeder I met at the Golden Gate Kennel Club benched show, who provided a show contract with the puppy. Thus, I went forward with showing dogs, and have loved every minute of it.

Who were your mentors in the sport? Please elaborate on their significance.

Mike: My mentors included Ray and Jeanette McGinnis, Tony and Judy Musladin (The Whims Beagles), Barbara and Patrick Baymiller, Byron and Carol Wisner (Beartooth Bassets), Kenny Neal, Nancy Evans, Gary Zayak, and Isabelle Stoffers and Christy Nelson of Runners Whippets. These people have been a great inspiration in my life, both as far as handling and also breeding knowledge.

Alisa: My mentors in breeding Alaskan Malamutes were Kimberly Meredith of Atanik Alaskan Malamutes, and Tex and Patty Ann Peel of Sno Klassic Alaskan Malamutes. I bought my first Alaskan Malamute, “Greyson,” BIS SBIS CH Atanik SilverIce LoveEM N LeaveEM ROM from Kim. She taught me the significance of animal care; feeding, grooming, travel, showing, and what to select for breeding. Kim and I traveled to several dog shows over the years together. Later in my show career, Tex and Patty Peel sent Mike and me a lovely Alaskan Malamute, MBIS MSBIS CH SnoKlassic In Your Face Barkley ROM. This boy was very important to the future of our current breeding program. Kim, Tex, and Patty Ann taught us the importance of breeding for excellence.

The Silver Ice Alaskan Malamutes are widely known, highly successful, and well respected. What breeding philosophies do you adhere to?

We breed Alaskan Malamutes that meet the Breed Standard, emphasizing form, function, soundness, and breed type. Line breeding is very important in our program.

How many dogs do you typically house? Tell us about your current facilities and how the dogs are maintained.

Our Alaskan Malamute breeding program is maintained with 18 animals and a large semen bank. We are set up like a small horse farm, with acres of large, grassy paddocks, play paddock areas, a kennel building, grooming room, and feeding preparation room. The kennel building also has a crating room and indoor/outdoor runs.

How did you transition into professional handling? How are you able to balance your breeding program with professional handling obligations?

Mike has been able to manage his clients, and help with the Silver Ice breeding program. We schedule shows accordingly so that we meet our clients’ expectations. Mike has been handling professionally since 1976—47 years.

What is the key to maintaining a positive, successful relationship with your clients?

Mike: The best policy is honesty. I give clients my best when presenting their dogs. I also advise clients on how to breed to improve on their pedigrees, so I have the best representatives of their bloodlines to present.

Please comment positively on the present condition of your breed, and what trends might bear watching.

The Alaskan Malamute temperament has improved over the years. We are seeing nice pigment and dark eyes. We need to be mindful of proportions and size, the lack of bone, and the lack of snowshoe feet. The Alaskan Malamute must have heavy bone, with sound legs, good feet, a deep chest, powerful shoulders, and all of the other physical attributes necessary for the efficient performance of his job.

The sport has changed greatly since you first began as breeder-exhibitors. What are your thoughts on the current state of the fancy and the declining number of breeders? How do we encourage newcomers to join us and remain in the sport?

Mike: Yes! The sport has changed over the years. I feel newcomers do not put the time into the sport that is needed. Many exhibitors seem to need instant gratification nowadays. I call it “show and blow” syndrome. They could not tell you who won Best of Breed that day, instead of staying at the show, learning their breed, and maybe figuring out what their dog isn’t or what it is. Exhibitors could benefit from discussing their dog with other breeders.

In the old days, people would approach professional handlers and seek their advice. Remember that handlers are busy during the day and sometimes can’t take time out of their show schedule to offer assistance, but you can try to make arrangements to talk with them at a more convenient time. They can give you advice on how to breed your dog, or suggest knowledgeable people you should speak with, in hopes of breeding a more competitive dog. In some breeds, it takes a lot of time and energy to properly groom and condition dogs. One thing I tell people is that a first impression is always important. I had a judge tell me one time that they can usually pick their winners as a class enters the ring, based on that first impression.

Alisa: Mentorship, mentorship, mentorship.

Where do you see your breeding program in the next decade or two?

We will continue breeding and campaigning quality Alaskan Malamutes that represent the Breed Standard. We are always hopeful we will produce the next great one for the breed.

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Interview with Alisa Syar, Breeder of SilverIce Alaskan Malamutes

Where do I live? How many years in dogs? How many years as a breeder?

Alisa Syar: I live in Granite Bay, California. I have been in purebred dogs for 32 years, 30 years breeding Alaskan Malamutes.

What is my kennel name? How many dogs do I currently keep?

Alisa Syar: My kennel name is SilverIce. I currently keep 15 Alaskan Malamutes, one Siberian Husky, and two Pekingese.

Which show dogs from the past have been my noteworthy winners?

We have been blessed by many No. 1 Alaskan Malamutes, Best in Show Winners, Specialty and National Specialty Winners, Westminster KC Breed Winners, and AKC Classic Group Winners.

These lovely Malamutes were purchased for our breeding program, bred by SilverIce, co-bred by SilverIce, or they are dogs we have co-owned and presented—ALL noteworthy winners we are proud of:

• BIS BISS CH Atanik SilverIce Lovem n Leavem ROM
• MBIS MBISS CH SnoKlassic In Your Face ROM
• MBIS MBISS CH Atanik SilverIce Hot Pants
• BIS CH SilverIce’s Bottom Line
• MBIS MBISS CH SilverIce No More Mr. Ice Guy
• BISS CH Rogue’s Crown Royal
• MBIS MBISS GCHP CH Catanya’s Latin Lover
• MBIS CH SilverIce’s Dancing in the Dark
• BISS CH SilverIce’s Makin Waves
• MBISS GCHS CH SilverIce’s Jager Bomb
• MBIS MBISS PeaceRiver SilverIce Summer Solstice
• MBISS MBIS GCHS Am/Can/Mex/Sp/Intl CH PeaceRiver’s Gathers No Moss At Suntra
• MBIS MBISS GCHB Am/ Can CH Spiritrun’s Cool Ride
• MBISS GCHG CH Peace River’s Bling It On
• BISS GCHS CH Peace River’s She’s Got This
• MBIS MBISS GCHP Am/Can CH TaolanQuest Flying Cloud
• MBISS GCHB CH SilverIce’s TaolanQuest Cocktails in the Cloud

Which have been my most influential sires and dams?

Our most influential sires in our breeding program are:

• BIS BISS CH Atanik SilverIce Lovem n Leavem ROM
• MBIS MBISS CH SnoKlassic in Your Face ROM
• BIS CH SilverIce’s Bottom Line; CH SilverIce’s Borne Identity
• CH SilverIce’s Lichen Standing Stone ROM
• MBIS MBISS GCHP CH Catanya’s Latin Lover

The most influential dams are:

• MBIS MBISS CH Atanik SilverIce Hot Pants
• CH SnoKlassic Only On A Sundae
• CH SilverIce’s Storybrook Dream ROM
• MBISS SilverIce TaolanQuest Cocktails in the Clouds

Can I talk a bit about my facilities? Where are my puppies whelped? How are they raised?

Alisa Syar: We have a lovely Country Inn boarding kennel on five acres in Northern California. Our place is set up like a horse breeding farm with indoor/outdoor runs, separate climate-controlled building, large grassy play paddocks, and a beautiful pond area. Our kennel home is set up with a cozy, attached apartment for whelping puppies. The puppies are raised with us in the house with love and care.

What is my “process” for selecting show puppies? At what age do I make my decisions?

Alisa Syar: We make our decisions between 8-14 weeks. We select puppies on breed type, structure, soundness, and temperament.

How do I prepare my pups for the show ring? Does my breed require any special preparation?

Alisa Syar: We train our puppies by taking them to conformation training classes. We socialize our puppies and we train them on the grooming table for show preparation.

Can I share my thoughts on how my breed is currently presented in the show ring?

Alisa Syar: The Alaskan Malamute is a natural breed, with no trimming to the outline permitted. Trimming is allowable only to clean up the appearance of the feet. The thick, coarse, stand-off coat of the Malamute is neatly groomed and blown out.

The Malamute should not be raced around the ring. They should always be shown at a powerful and free-moving gait, converging towards the centerline at a trot or faster speed. When shown, the profile of the Malamute should be presented with the handler standing rather than kneeling.

Are there any health-related concerns within my breed? Any special nutritional needs?

Alisa Syar: Yes, like in all breeds, there are a few health issues with varying degrees of potential occurrence to be aware of such as Hip Dysplasia, Hypothyroidism, Cataracts, Epilepsy, Addison’s and Cushing’s Disease.

The Malamute being an Arctic breed can tend to require a higher amount of zinc and other trace minerals nutritionally in comparison to non-Arctic breeds. Over the years, it has been my personal experience that I’ve found the Malamute to thrive on a higher fat ratio diet as opposed to an overly high protein content diet.

In my opinion, is my breed in good condition overall? Any trends that warrant concern?

Alisa Syar: I feel the breed is in good condition overall. I would like to see more correct structure in the front end and rear assemblies, with correct front-to-rear balance. We are seeing too many straight fronts, with over-angulation in the rear. The standard calls for moderate angulation and overall balance.

Another issue is tight or curled tails. Again, the standard calls for tails to be a waving plume over the back, not tight or laying on the back. The Malamute should have thick, large, snowshoe feet accompanied by substantial bone and overall substance. The breed has “moderated” on temperaments over the years, but should never be expected to be that of a Golden Retriever. A couple of things I have observed trending are lack of leg in proportion to the body and excessive length of loin.

Is my breed well-suited to be a family dog? Who are the best candidates to own my breed?

Alisa Syar: YES, the Alaskan Malamute is a great family dog. Malamutes require a fenced-in yard, and puppies do best with early crate training. The breed is friendly and affectionate, and they are playful clowns. They are good with children but are a high-energy dog. Malamutes can be dog aggressive and are possessive of food. Malamutes are loyal, loving, and strong-minded, but with proper training the breed makes a lovely family pet.

The best candidates to own a Malamute are people who are outdoorsy types that like to exercise and hike. The Alaskan Malamute thrives on activities with their owners. With proper training, a Malamute makes a lovely family pet.

Do I feel that my breed is supported by a sufficient number of preservation breeders?

Alisa Syar: The breed has lost many of its iconic foundation breeders and genuine guardians of the breed standard. The majority of breeders currently seem to concern themselves with only producing their next prospective dog to garner awards and accolades rather than focusing on the overall direction of the breed and respecting the standard.

For a bit of fun, what’s the most amusing thing I’ve ever experienced with my breed?

Alisa Syar: Alaskan Malamutes are true “snow dogs.” I have taken my dogs to be in the snow numerous times, and it is always amazing to me how their instincts kick in and how they are right at home in the snow.

Are you looking for an Alaskan Malamute puppy?

The best way to ensure a long and happy relationship with a purebred dog is to purchase one from a responsible breeder. Not sure where to begin finding a breeder? Contact the National Parent Club’s Breeder Referral person, which you can find on the AKC Breeder Referral Contacts page.

Want to help rescue and re-home an Alaskan Malamute dog?

Did you know nearly every recognized AKC purebred has a dedicated rescue group? Find your new best friend on the AKC Rescue Network Listing.

Alaskan Malamute Dog Breed Magazine

Showsight Magazine is the only publication to offer dedicated Digital Breed Magazines for ALL recognized AKC Breeds.

Read and learn more about the loyal Alaskan Malamute dog breed with articles and information in our Alaskan Malamute Dog Breed Magazine.

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